A Structural Glass Design Manual

Guidance for engineers, architects and specifiers

Overview

Abstract

Other than limited special cases, there is a lack of standards providing guidance on the design of structural glass. This has resulted in an ad-hoc approach by cities (authorities having jurisdiction), architects and engineers. This paper outlines the key aspects of designing with glass in a manner that has reliability and robustness principles consistent with other structural materials while recognizing the unique aspects of glass. The Structural Glass Design Manual31 negotiates the spectrum of glass design between ‘non-structural’ applications, such as window glass and ‘structural’ applications such as glass floors by using four glass risk categories, based on occupancy and four robustness categories based on retention, redundancy and residual capacity. Developing consistent practices facilitates confident design in glass for engineers, architects and the building authorities. This paper outlines the principles guiding the Structural Glass Design Manual (Public Draft.)


Authors

Photo of Richard Green PE SE P.Eng CPEng IntPE(Aust) APEC Engineer

Richard Green PE SE P.Eng CPEng IntPE(Aust) APEC Engineer

Principal / Owner

Green Facades LLC

Richard@GreenFacadesLLC.com

Photo of Terrence McDonnell S.E., P.E., P.Eng., SECB

Terrence McDonnell S.E., P.E., P.Eng., SECB

Principal

Klein & Hoffman

trmcdonnell@kleinandhoffman.com

Photo of Andrew Crosby BASc, P.Eng., LEED® AP BD+C

Andrew Crosby BASc, P.Eng., LEED® AP BD+C

Principal

Read Jones Christoffersen Ltd.

acrosby@rjc.ca


Keywords

Paper content

1. Introduction

Glass is unique amongst building materials as being both transparent and brittle. Unlike the other common brittle materials, concrete and masonry, cracking of any kind in glass is

Access Restricted

Footnotes

Access Restricted

Acknowledgements

Access Restricted

Rights and Permissions

1. AS/NZS 1170.0, “Structural design actions, Part 0:General Principles”, Standards Australia, Sydney Australia https://www.standards.org.au/

2. AS/NZS 1170.1, “Structural design actions, Part 1: Permanent, imposed and other actions”, Standards Australia, Sydney Australia https://www.standards.org.au/

3. AS1288, “Australian Standard Glass in buildings—Selection and installation”, Standards Australia, Sydney Australia https://www.standards.org.au/

4. ANSI/AISC 360 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings. American Institute of Steel Construction

5. ASCE/SEI 7, “Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures”, American Society of Covil Engineers, Reston, VA, https://www.asce.org/

6. ASCE/SEI 76 “Standard For Mitigation Of Disproportionate Collapse Potential In Buildings And Other Structures”, American Society of Covil Engineers, Reston, VA, https://www.asce.org/

7. ASTM E1300, " Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings," ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, DOI: 10.1520/E1300-16, www.astm.org.

8. ASTM E997 “Standard Test Method for Evaluating Glass Breakage Probability Under the Influence of Uniform Static Loads by Proof Load Testing” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA,

9. ASTM E1048 “Standard Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass”, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, DOI:10.1520/C1048-12E01 www.astm.org

10. ASTM E1886 “Standard Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials”, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA,

11. ASTM E2353 “Standard Test Methods for Performance of Glazing in Permanent Railing Systems, Guards, and Balustrades”, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA,

12. ASTM E2358(2010) “Standard Specification for the Performance of Glass in Permanent Glass Railing Systems, Guards, and Balustrades”, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA,

13. ASTM E2751 / E2751M “Standard Practice for Design and Performance of Supported Laminated Glass Walkways”, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA

14. CEN/TS19100 (Parts 1 2 and 3) Design of Glass Structures

15. EN 16612: Glass in building. Determination of the lateral load resistance of glass panes by calculation

16. EN 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures–- Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings

17. IBC International Building Code, International Code Council, Washington, DC www.iccsafe.org

18. NCCI SN-003-EN-EU NCCI: Elastic critical moment for lateral torsional buckling, by Access Steel. https://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/doc/WS2008/SN003a-EN-EU.pdf

19. Bedon, Chiara, Belis, Jan, and Amadio, Claudio (2015). Structural assessment and lateral-torsional buckling design of glass beams restrained by continuous sealant joints. Engineering Structures, 102 (11): 214-229.

20. Bedon, Chiara (2021). Lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) method for the design of glass fins with continuous lateral restraints at the tensioned edge. Composite Structures, 266: 113790.

21. Beason, W. L., and Morgan, J. R., “Glass Failure Prediction Model,” Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol 111, No. 9, 1985, pp.2058–2059.

22. D’Ambrosio, Gianmaria, and Galuppi, Laura (2020). Enhanced effective thickness model for buckling of LG beams with different boundary conditions. Glass Structures & Engineering, 5(2): 205-210.

23. Feldmann, M., Kasper, R, et. al, Guidance for European Structural Design of Glass Components. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014

24. Galuppi, Laura, Manara, Giampiero, and Royer-Carfagni, Gianni (2013). Practical expressions for the design of laminated glass. Composites: Part B, 45: 1677–1688.

25. Galuppi, Laura, and Royer-Carfagni, Gianni (2014). Enhanced Effective Thickness of multi-layered laminated glass, Composites: Part B, 64: 202–213.

26. Galuppi, Laura, and Royer-Carfagni, Gianni (2020). Enhanced Effective Thickness for laminated glass beams and plates under torsion. Engineering Structures, 206: 110077.

27. Green R, “Advances in Laminated Glass Engineering” Façade Techtonics World Congress 2022 https://www.facadetectonics.org/papers/advances-in-laminated-glass-engineering

28. Green R, Bedon C, Galuppi L (2023), Design and stability of laminated glass fins with continuous lateral silicone restraint: Journal Glass Structures & Engineering; DOI 10.1007/s40940-023-00224-1

29. Green R, Crosby A, McDonnell T., “Balustrade Design Loads: Failures, Fatalities, Research and Global Design Practices” Façade Techtonics World Congress 2024

30. Green R, Crosby A, McDonnell T.,“Design of Glass Balustrades” Façade Techtonics World Congress 2024

31. Green R, Crosby A, McDonnell T, "Structural Glass Design Manual (Public Draft)" 2024 www.structglass.org

32. Green R, Crosby A, McDonnell T, "The Scope of the Structural Glass Design Manual: A voluntary specification and design guide - contents." Façade Techtonics World Congress 2024

33. Haldimann, Luible, Overend, Structural Use of Glass, 2008

34. Kala, Z “Elastic Lateral-Torsional Buckling of Simply Supported Hot-Rolled Steel I-Beams with Random Imperfections” 11th International Conference on Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques, MBMST 2013 Procedia Engineering 57 (2013) pp504 – 514

35. Luible, A. and Crisinel, M., “Stability of Load Carrying Elements of Glass”

36. Minor & Dalgliesh et al, “Basis for the Design of Window Glass under wind pressure”, Committee on Window Glass Research, Texas Tech University

Access Restricted

Author Comments

Access Restricted